Introduction
Transformation and Upheavals: The Effects of Crises and Conflicts on the Arts

This issue looks at the effects political upheavals and processes of social transformation have on the conditions for cultural production, dissemination, education, policy, and management.

The transfer from one political party to another, even when it occurs through legitimate political processes, can mean the difference between funding and lack of funding, restrictive versus liberal policies, or freedom of expression and censorship. The 1989 transformations in eastern and middle Europe are one example among many others. Current upheavals in many countries have major implications for cultural management and politics given that artistic autonomy is at risk or already restricted with the potential to fundamentally reorder the cultural field. The contributors confront and reflect upon instances of political upheaval and social change that have had a pronounced effect on the arts.

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